Jewish Studies: Ancient Israel (2of100) Timeline Pt 1

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Jewish Topical

"Ancient Israel"

(2 of 100)

TWO

 

 

TIMELINE OF ISRAEL

 

#As this is from a Jewish Source, Jesus is notably not mentioned.

The Dawn of “History”*

(ca. 3800-2001 B.C.E.)

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3760	Adam & Eve created (Year 1 of Jewish calendar)
3630	Seth born
3525	Enosh born
ca. 3500	Chalcolithic Period, first settlement
3435	Kenan born
3365	Mehalalel born
3300	Yered born
3138	Enoch born
3074	Methusaleh born
2886	Lemech born
2831	Adam dies
ca. 2800	Early Dynastic period (Akkad)
2704	Noah born
ca. 2700-2400	Old Kingdom period (Egypt)
ca. 2500-2200	Ebla flourishes
ca. 2500	First houses built in Jerusalem
ca. 2300-2200	Priestess Enheduanna, first known author in the world
2203	Shem born
2150	The Flood
2100-1700	Middle Kingdom period (Egypt)

Context of Ancient Israelite Religion*

(ca. 2000-539 B.C.E.)

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2000-1750	Old Babylonian period
2000-1700	Israel's Patriarchal period
ca. 1900-1400	Old Assyrian period
1882	Terach born
1813	Abraham born
ca. 1850/1750/1700	Abraham & Sarah, Isaac & Ishmael, famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt
1800	First Jerusalem city wall built
ca. 1792-1750	Hammurabi
ca. 1750-1200	Hittite empire
1765	The Tower of Babel
1743	Origin of traditions of the "Abrahamic covenant"
1713	Isaac born; Abraham circumcises himself; Sodom & Gomorrah destroyed
ca. 1700-1550	Hyksos in Egypt
1677	Isaac prepared as sacrifice; Sarah dies
1653	Jacob born
1638	Abraham dies
ca. 1600-1150	Kassite period (Babylonia)
1590	Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau.
ca. 1570-1085	New Kingdom period (Egypt)
1569	Jacob marries Leah
1565	Levi born
1562	Joseph born
1546	Joseph sold into slavery
1533	Isaac dies
1532	Joseph becomes viceroy of Egypt
1523	Jacob and his family join Joseph in Egypt
ca. 1500-1200	Ugaritic texts
1452	Joseph dies
1429	Egyptian enslavement of the Hebrews begins
ca. 1400-900	Middle Assyrian period
ca. 1400-1300	Amarna period (Egypt)
1393	Moses born.
1355	Joshua born.
1314	Moses sees the burning bush.
ca. 1300-1200	Mosaic period (Israel)
1280	Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry
1240	After setting up the Ark at Shiloh near Shechem (Nablus), Joshua launches foray into Jerusalem (Joshua 10:23, 15:63)
ca. 1200	Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine
ca. 1200-1050/1000	Period of the Judges (Israel)
ca. 1200-1000	Jerusalem is a Canaanite city
ca. 1150-900	Middle Babylonian period:
ca. 1106	Deborah judges Israel.
ca. 1050-450	Hebrew prophets (Samuel-Malachi)
ca. 1000-587	Monarchical period in Israel
ca. 1030-1010	Saul (transitional king)
ca. 1010-970	David conquers the Jebusites and makes Jerusalem his capital
ca. 970-931	Solomon builds the First Temple on Mount Moriah
ca. 931	Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah)
931-913	Rehoboam rules Judah
931-910	Jeroboam I rules Israel, choses Shechem as his first capital, later moves it to Tirzah
913-911	Abijah rules Judah
911-870	Asa rules Juda
910-909	Nadab (son of Jeroboam) rules Israel
909-886	Baasha kills Nadab and rules Israel
900-612	Neo-Assyrian period
886-885	Elah, son of Baasha, rules Israel
885	Zimri kills Elah, but reigns just seven days before committing suicide, Omri chosen as King of Israel
885-880(?)	War between Omri and Tibni
885-874	Omri kills Tibni, rules Israel
879	Omri moves capital of Israel from Tirzah to Samaria
874-853	Ahab, Omri's son, is killed in battle, Jezebel reigns as Queen. Athaliah, Ahab and Jezebel's daughter, marries Jehoram, crown prince of Judah
870-848	Jehoshapha rules Judah
853-851	Ahaziah, son of Ahab, rules Israel, dies in accident
750-725	Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah
722/721	Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (10 lost tribes)
720	Ahaz, King of Judah dismantles Solomon's bronze vessels and places a private Syrian altar in the Temple
716	Hezekiah, King of Jerusalem, with help of God and the prophet Isaiah resists Assyrian attempt to capture Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 32). Wells and springs leading to the city are stopped
701	Assyrian ruler Sennacherib beseiges Jerusalem
612-538	Neo-Babylonian (“Chaldean”) period
620	Josiah (Judean King) and “Deuteronomic Reforms”
ca. 600-580	Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel
587/586	Southern Kingdom (Judah) and First Temple destroyed-Babylonian exile
ca. 550	Judean Prophet “Second Isaiah”
541	First Jews return from Babylon in small numbers to rebuild the city and its walls. Seventy years of exile terminated. (Daniel 9, Haggai 2:18-19)
539	Persian ruler Cyrus the Great conquers Babylonian Empire

Judaism after the Babylonian Exile

(ca. 538 B.C.E.-70 CE)

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538-333 B.C.E.	Persian Period.
538 B.C.E.	Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile).
520-515 B.C.E.	Jerusalem ("Second") Temple rebuilt.
520 B.C.E.	Judean Prophet Haggai.
500 B.C.E.	The notion of a Messiah, a political/military-religious/moral leader, develops.
450-400 B.C.E.	Reformation led by Ezra and Nehemiah.
ca. 450 B.C.E.	Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) begins to gain recognition as Scripture.
438 B.C.E.	Achashverosh becomes king of Persia.
426 B.C.E.	First decrees by Haman; fast ordered by Esther, Haman's downfall and execution.
425 B.C.E.	Haman's ten sons executed; Purim celebration.
424 B.C.E.	Megillah recorded.
411 B.C.E.	Bagoas, a Persian, is made governor of Jerusalem.
333-63 B.C.E.	Hellenistic (Greek) period.
333/331 B.C.E.	Alexander the Great conquers the Land of Israel.
ca. 320-168 B.C.E.	Judaism under Greek Ptolemies & Seleucids.
ca. 250 B.C.E.	"Septuagint" translation of Torah into Greek.
ca. 230-146 B.C.E.	Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean.
ca. 201 B.C.E.	Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture
ca. 200 B.C.E.-135 C.E.	Jewish Qumran community.
175 B.C.E.	Selicid, king of Syria, plunders Jerusalem, murdering many.
166-160 B.C.E.	Jewish Maccabean revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple.
142-129 B.C.E.	Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
63 B.C.E.	Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel.
66-73 C.E.	First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69 C.E.	Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70 C.E.	Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple.

Rule of Rome

(ca. 230 B.C.E.-400 C.E.)

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Overview: Roman Rule

ca. 230-146 B.C.E.	Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean.
142-129 B.C.E.	Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
63 B.C.E.	Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel.
37-4 B.C.E.	Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of the land of Israel).
37 B.C.E.	Herod captures Jerusalem, has Antigonus II executed, and marries the Hasmonean princess Mariamne I.
20 B.C.E.	Herod creates Temple Mount and begins to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. Project continues until 72 C.E..
ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.	Joshua/Jesus “the Christ.”
MODERN ERA	Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages).
6 C.E.	Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea.
ca. 13 B.C.E.- 41 C.E.	Philo Judaeus of Alexandria.
ca. 30 C.E.	Jesus is crucified.
36-64 C.E.	Paul “the apostle” (Jewish “Christian”).
ca. 37-100 C.E.	Josephus (Jewish leader, historian).
ca. 40 C.E.	Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar).
ca. 50-125 C.E.	Christian Testament (NT) writings.
66-73 C.E.	First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69 C.E.	Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70	Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple.
73	Last stand of Jews at Masada.
ca. 90-100	Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues.
ca. 90-150	Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture.
114-117	Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus.
120-135	Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism.
132-135	Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses.
136	Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel.
138-161	Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews.
193-211	Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone
ca. 200	Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince.
200-254	Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter).
203	Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris.
212	Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens.
220	Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab.
220-470	Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud.
222-235	Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem.
240-276	Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis.
ca. 250	Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I
250-330	Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt.
263-339	Eusebius (Christian author, historian)
303	Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian.
To 311	Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome.
306	One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews
312/313	Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, announces Edict of Toleration
315	Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act.
368	Jerusalem Talmud compiled.

Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development

(70-500 C.E.)

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66-73	First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69	Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70	Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple,
73	Last stand of Jews at Masada.
ca. 90-100	Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues.
ca. 90-150	Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture.
114-117	Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus.
120-135	Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism.
132-135	Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses.
136	Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel.
138-161	Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews.
193-211	Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary toJudaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone
ca. 200	Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince.
203	Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris.
212	Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens.
220	Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab.
220-470	Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud.
222-235	Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem.
ca. 250	Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I.
306	One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews.
315	Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act.
359	Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals.
368	Jerusalem Talmud compiled.
370-425	Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah.
410	Rome sacked by Visigoths.
425	Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome.
426	Babylonian Talmud compiled.
439	Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues.
500	Babylonian Talmud recorded. After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship.

Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity

(325-590)

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325	Christian First Ecumenical Council, at Nicea (Asia Minor), changes the date of Easter from Passover and forbids Jews from owning Christian slaves or converting pagans to Judaism.
330	Jerusalem becomes part of Constantine's Byzantine Empire.
ca. 325-420	Jerome (Christian author, translator).
339	Constantine forbids intermarriage with Jews and the circumcision of heathen or Christian slaves, declaring death as the punishment.
354-430	Augustine (Christian author in North Africa).
359	Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals.
368	Jerusalem Talmud compiled.
370-425	Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah.
380/391	Christianity becomes THE religion of Roman Empire.
410	Rome sacked by Visigoths.
415	St. Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, champions violence against the city's Jews and incites the Greeks to kill or expel them. Some Jews return within a few years, but many return only after the Muslims conquer Egypt.
425	Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome.
426	Babylonian Talmud compiled.
439	Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues.
451	Christian Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon.
500	After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship.
501	An earthquake hits Israel, partially destroying Acre and incuring damage as far east as Jersusalem.
511	Rebellion leader Mar Zutra usurps power from Kobad the Zenduk, establishing an independant Jewish state in Babylon that would last for seven years, until Zutra's forces defeated Zutra's army, killing him and instituted a harsh policy toward the remaining Jews.
516	Southern Arabian king Ohu Nuwas adopts Judaism, possibly as a rampart against the spread of Christianity. King Eleboas of Abyssinia, with the help of Justin I, later defeated Nuwas.
519	After Ravenna residents burnt down local synagogues, Ostrogoth ruler Theodoric orders the Italian town to rebuild the synagogues at their own expense.
587	Recared of Spain adopts Catholicism, banning Jews from slave ownership, intermarriage and holding positions of authority. Recared also declares that children of mixed marriages be raised Christian.
570	Birth of Prophet Muhammad, Makkah.
590	Pope Gregory the Great formulates the official Papal policy towards Jews, objecting to forced baptism and tolerating them according to the previous council's regulations.

“Medieval” Period in the West

(ca. 600-1500)

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610	Visigothic ruler Sesbut prohibits Judaism after several anti-Jewish edicts are ignored. Exiled Jews return to Byzantine Spain under Sesbut's successor, Swintilla.
614	Persian General Romizanes captures Jerusalem and allows Jews to run the city. At this time, aproximately 150,000 Jews are living in 43 settlements in Eretz-Israel.
617	The Persians renege on their promises and forbid Jews to settle within a three mile radius of Jerusalem.
638	Although Chintilla decrees that only Catholics are permitted to live in Visogoth Spain, many Jews continue to live there.
638	Islamic conquest of Jerusalem.
682	Visigoth King Erwig continues oppression of Jews, making it illegal to practice any Jewish rites and pressing for the conversion or emigration of the remaining Jews.
691	First account of Jews in England.
712	Jews help Muslim invaders capture Spain, ending Visogoth rule and beginning a 150 year period of relative peace, in which Jews were free to study and practice religion as they wished.
722	In the wake of a narrow military defeat over Muslim forces, Leo III of Constantinople decided his nation's weakness lay in its heterogenious population, and began the forcible conversion of the Jews, as well as the "New Christians." Most converted under Leo III clandestinely continued their Jewish practices.
1040	Birth of Rashi.
1066	In the wake of the Norman conquest of England, Jews left Normandy and settled in London and later in York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln.
1078	Pope Gregory VII prohibited Jews from holding offices in Christendom.
1086-1145	The greatest Hebrew poet of his time, Judah Halevi.
1090	Iban Iashufin, King of the Almoravides, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, the survivors fled to Toledo.
1095	Henry IV of Germany, who granted Jews favorable conditions whenever possible, issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism.
1131	Birth of Rambam.
1171	In the town of Blois, southwest of Paris, Jews are falsely accused of committing ritual murder ((killing of a Christian child) and blood libel. The adult Jews of the city are arrested and most are executed after refusing to convert. Thirty-one or 32 of the Jews are killed. The Jewish children are forcibly baptized.
1210	Group of 300 French and English rabbis make aliyah and settle in Israel.
1215	The Church's Fourth Lateran Council decrees that Jews be differentiated from others by their type of clothing to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews are sometimes required to wear a badge; sometimes a pointed hat.
1227-1274	Christian theologian, who called for the slavery of all Jews, Saint Thomas Aquinas.
1229	King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of thier property in taxes.
1242	Burning of the Talmud in Paris.
1244	Tartars capture Jerusalem.
1253	King Henry III of England ordered Jewish worship in synagogue to be held quietly so that Christians passing by do not have to hear it. e also ordered that Jews may not employ Christian nurses or maids, nor may any Jew prevent another from converting to Christianity.
1254	French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tosaphists period. Most Jews went to Germany and further east.
1255	Seeing himself as the "master of the Jews," King Henry II of England transferred his rights to the Jews to his brother, Richard, for 5,000 marks.
1267	In a special session, the Vienna city council forced Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped headress prevelent in many medieval woodcuts illustrating Jews. This form of distinctive dress was an additon to badge Jews were forced to wear.
1267	Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Israel.
1275	King Edward of England banned usury and unsuccessfully encouraged Jews in agriculture, crafts and local trades. He also forced Jews over the age of seven to wear an indentifying badge.
1282	The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Pectin, ordered all London synagogues to closed and prohibited Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.
1285	Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. An additional 180 Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
1287	A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation.
1290	Bowing political pressure, English King Edward I expels the Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying for thier passage only to be robbed and cast overboard by the ship captains.
1306	Philip IV orders all Jews expelled from France, with their property to be sold at public auction. Some 125,000 Jews are forced to leave.
1321	Similar to accusations made during the Black Plague, Jews were accused of encouraging lepers to poison Christian wells in France. An estimated five thousand Jews were killed before the king, Philip the Tall, admitted the Jews were innocent.
1321	Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear yellow badges.
1322	Charles IV of France expels all French Jews without the one year period he had promised them.
1348-1349	Much of Europe blames the Black Plague on the Jews and tortured to confess that they poisoned the wells. Despite the pleas of innocence of Pope Clement VI, the accusations resulted in the destruction of over 60 large and 150 small Jewish communities.
1348	Basle burns 600 Jews at the stake and forcibly baptizes 140 children, expelling the city's other Jews. The city's Christian residents convert the synagogue into a church and destroy the Jewish cemetery.
1348	Pope Clement VI issues an edict repudiating the libel against Jews, saying that they too were suffering from the Plague.
1360	Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death by King Pedro without any explination. The king also confiscated his great wealth.
1385-1386	German Emperor Wenceslaus arrests Jews living in the Swabian League, a group of free cities in S. Germany, and confiscates their books. Later, he expelled the Jews of Strassburg after a community debate.
1386	Emperor Wenceslaus expelles the Jews from Strassbourg and confiscate their property.
1389	After a priest was hit with some sand from a few small Jewish boys playing in the street, he insisted that the Jewish community was plotting against him and began a virulent campaign against the city's Jews, resulting in the massacre of thousands and the destruction of the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. King Wenceslaus refused to condemn the act, insisting that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the Holy Week.
1389	Pope Boniface continues the policy of Clement VI, forbidding the Christians to harm Jews, destroy their cemeteries or forcibly baptize them.
1391	Ferrand Martinez, archdeacon of Ecija, begins a campaign against Spanish Jewry, killing over 10,000 and destroying the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreads throughout Spain, except for Granada, and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca.
1391	King Pedro I orders Spain not to harm the remaining Jews and decrees that synagogues not be converted into churches.
1392	King Pedro I announces his compliance with the Bull of Pope Boniface IX, protecting Jews from baptism. He extends this edict to Spanish Jewish refugees.
1415	Benedict XIII bans the study of the Talmud in any form, institutes forced Christian sermons and tries to restrict Jewish life completely.
1420	Pope Martin V favorably reinstates old privleges of the Jews and orders that no child under the age of 12 can be forcibly baptized without parental consent.
1420	All Jews are expelled from Lyons, including the refugees from Paris who were expelled 20 years earliers. Jews now only remain in Provence (until 1500) and in the possessions of the Holy See.
1422	Pope Martin V issues a bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the Friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year, alleging that the Jews of Rome attained the Bull by fraud.
1480	Inquisition established in Spain.

Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message

(570-1258)

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ca. 570-632	Muhammad ("the Prophet" of Islam).
ca. 610	Prophetic call and start of Quranic revelations.
614	Persian invasion, Jews allowed to controll Jerusalem.
617	Persians change policy toward Jews, forbid them from living within three miles of Jerusalem.
622	The hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina.
624-627	Muhammad attacks Jewish Arabian tribes for refusing to convert to Islam. Eventually the Southern Arabian tribes are destroyed.
626	While proselytizing Arabia, Muhammad captures the Banu Kurara tribe and forces the group of about 600 to chose between conversion and death. After spending all night praying, all but three or four Banu Kurarans are beheaded.
627-629	Emperor Heraclius breaks his promise of protection to Jews, massacring any he found and forbidding them from entering Jerusalem. Hundreds of Jews were killed and thousands exhiled to Egypt, ending the Jewish towns in the Galilee and Judea. Heraclius' decree remained in effect until the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.
630	Capitulation of Mecca, rededication of Kaba.
632	The Jewish tribe Kaibar defends itself against Muslim forces, negotiating a settlement in which half of their crops would go to Mohammed in exchange for peace. Other Jewish tribes, including Fadattr, Tedma and Magna reached similar deals.
590-604	Pope Gregory the Great.
ca. 600-1300	Period of the Jewish Rabbinic Geonim.
632-661	Muhammad dies, creating the four "rightly guided caliphs" of Islam.
637	Muslim forces capture Caesarea, forcing the city's estimated 100,000 Jews to follow the Pact of Omar, which meant they had to pray quietly, not build new synagogues and not prevent Jews from converting to Islam. The Jews were also forbidden from riding horses and holding judicial or civil posts, and were forced to wear a yellow patch for identification.
638	Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem and Jews are permitted to return to the city under Islam.
661	Assassination of Ali (last of the four).
661-750	Umayyad Dynasty of Islam in Damascus (Syria).
669, 674	Muslim Attacks on Christian Constantinople.
680	Massacre of Ali's son Husayn and Shiites (Iraq).
685	Muslims extend Jerusalem and rebuild walls and roads.
692	Dome of the Rock built on site of First and Second Temples by Caliph Abd el-Malik.
711	Muslim Forces Attack Spain Successfully.
715	Al-Aqsa Mosque built, Jerusalem.
732	Islam repulsed at Tours (France), gateway to Europe.
750	Abbasid caliphate founded.
ca. 760	Karaism founded (Jewish reaction to Rabbinic Judaism).
762	Baghdad founded by Abbasids.
767	Anan Ben David, organizer of the Karaite sect that only believed in the literal Biblical writings and not the Oral law.
742-814	Charlemagne, French Holy Roman Emperor, protected and helped develop Jewish culture in his kingdom, seeing Jews as an asset.
740-1259	Jewish Kingdom of Khazar lasts over 500 years, defending itself from the Muslims, Byzantines and Russians, finally subdued by Mongols under Genghis Khan.
750-1258	Abbasid Dynasty of Islam in Baghdad (Iraq)—the "golden age" of Islamic culture.
?-767	Abu Hanifa (Muslim theologian and jurist in Iraq).
710-795	Malik ibn Anas (jurist, collector of hadiths, Medina).
800	Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules in "1001 Nights" style.
ca. 800-950	Mutazilite rationalism developed and debated.
807	Harun Al Rashid, Caliph of the Abbasids forces Baghdad Jews to wear a yellow badge and Christians to wear a blue badge.
825	Caliph Mamun sponsors translations of Greek learning into Arabic (Arabic science flourishes).
814-840	Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pius, who succeeded his father as king, expanded his father's positive policies towards the Jews, like changing "market day" from Saturday (Shabbat) to Sunday.
855	Ibn Hanbal (jurist, collector of hadiths, Baghdad).
868	Palestine annexed to Egypt.
870, 875	Bukhari and Muslim (collectors of hadiths).
874	Shiite "twelvers" arise.
?-935	Al-Ashari (ex-Mutazilite Muslim scholar).
882-942	Saadia Gaon (Rabbinic Jewish sage).
942	Office of the Exilarch was abolished after seven centuries, primarily because of dissention with the Muslims. David ben-Zaccai held the postion.
922	Execution of Hallaj, radical Persian Muslim mystic/sufi.
ca. 950-1150	“Golden Age” in Spain (Islamic Umayyad dynasty).
969	Founding of Cairo (and soon thereafter Azhar University) by the Islamic Shiite Fatimid dynasty in Egypt.
969	Caliph al-Aziz defeated the Turkish princes at Ramleh, marking the beginning of Fatamid rule over Eretz-Israel.
972	Al-Azhar University Founded, Cairo.
ca. 1000	Rabbi Gershon of Mainz, Germany, publishes a ban on bigamy. This marks the beginning of Ashkenazi (Franco-German) halachic creativity.
1001	Ibn al-Bawwab produces earliest exist Qur'an copy on paper, Baghdad.
990-1055	Diplomat and poet, as well as vizier to King Habus of Granada and author of a Biblical Hebrew dictionary, Samuel Ibn Nagrela.
1008	Egyptian Caliph Hakkim, who claimed to be divine, pressured all non-Muslims to convert and forced all Jews to wear a "golden calf" around their necks.
1009	Oldest existing text of full Hebrew Bible is written.
1016	Earthquake causes structrual damage on Temple Mount.
1021-1069	Messianic poet and philosopher, Solomon Ibn Gabirol.
1027	Samuel Hanagid becomes vizier of Granada. He is the first of the poets of the Golden Age of Spain, and symbolic of both the political power and literary creativity of Jews in Spain at the time.
1032	Rebel Abul Kamal Tumin conquered Fez and decimated the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1066	Final split ("schism") between Latin (Roman) and Greek (Byzantine) Classical Christian Churches: 1053/54 William the Conqueror (Norman) takes England.
1056	Abraham Ibn Daud: On Saumuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada.
1040-1105	Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac; Jewish sage): .
1058-1111	Ghazali (Persian Muslim scholar and mystic): .
1065-1173	Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller and historian, who wrote a famous journal called Sefer Hamassa'ot (Book of Travels).
1070	Rashi, a French-Jewish thinker, completes his commentaries on most parts of the Bible.
1070-1139	Poet and philiospher Moses Ibn Ezra.
1071	Seljuk occupation of Jerusalem.
1099	First Crusade Begins rule in Jerusalem.
1181	Philip expels Jews from France.
1187	Salah al-Din returns Jerusalem to Muslim rule.
1192	Philip expands his kingdom and allows Jews to return, for a fee and under strict conditions.

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